International Management Essay

Executive Summary This written case analysis report is prepared for the analysis of the case study of the Tata Group – â€Å"The Last Rajah: Ratan Tata and Tata’s Global Expansion.† (Luthans and Doh 2009). It will first begin with a brief introduction on the Tata Group of India, with the source and the secondary (both short- and long-term) problems of this biggest conglomerate in India, to be identified and discussed next. An analysis of the problems is presented next, followed by the criteria of evaluation. A comprehensive listing of all major feasible courses of action are presented before the recommended strategy(ies) are discussed. The next section will cover the justifications of recommendations followed by the implementation, control and follow up. 1. Introduction The Tata Group, India’s biggest conglomerate (Luthans and Doh 2009), was founded by 29-years old Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata in 1868. It was first established as a trading company in Bombay and started pioneering businesses in sectors such as steel, energy, textiles and hospitality (Tata Group 2012). In 1904, Sir Dorab Tata, the elder of Jamsetji’s two sons, succeeded Tata Group in Germany after Jamsetji passed on. Ratan Tata succeeded as the chairman, following the death of his uncle – J.R.D. Tata, in 1993 (Tata Group 2012). Today, the Tata group consists of more than 100 operating companies in seven business sectors (Refer to Appendix 1) with operations in more than 80 countries across six continents, exporting products and services to 85 countries. The latest financial figures reflected on its website showed that the total revenue of Tata Group was US$83.3 billion (around Rs 3,796.75 billion) in 2010-11, an increase of 18.8% from 2009-10 (Tata Group 2012). With its devotion to strong values and excellent business ethics, the Tata name has been respected in India for more than 140 years. Each Tata company or enterprise operates independently and is answerable to its own board of directors and shareholders. Moving forward, new technologies and innovation will be Tata Group’s focus, in order to develop its business in India and internationally. Anchored in India with its traditional values and strong ethics, Tata companies are building multinational businesses that will achieve growth through excellence and innovation, while balancing the interests of shareholders, employees and civil society (Tata Group 2012). 2. Source Problems With its wide diversification of business across six continents, Tata faces several challenges. The first problem is to build a consistent vision while being in many different markets and industries. Another challenge is to formulate strategies for over 100 companies in more than 80 countries. Besides this, another problem of Tata Group is the high involvement of Ratan Tata, who is the chief steward of the group of nine senior executives sitting on the boards of the Tata companies, in both the negotiations of major deals and the details of his auto-making, telecom or steel businesses (Luthans and Doh 2009). The next challenge for Tata is on how to absorb the struggling Corus mills. Other challenges for the future include deciding on which businesses to spin-off and which to pursue, what will happen to the conglomerate during an economy slow-down. The most challenge issue for Tata Group perhaps would be to fill the void left behind by the energetic and visionary Mr Ratan Tata – Chairman of the Tata Group, when he retire (Koontz and Weihrich 2010). 3. Secondary Problems 3.1 Long term 3.1.1 Diversification of investments and businesses From the case study, it is evident that a major problem for Tata Group is its diversification of its investments and businesses over so many different countries. The group is subjected inevitably to the different market situations and the culture of each individual market. 3.1.2 The continuation of operation of Corus mills Another long-term problem for Tata Group is whether they should continue operating the struggling Corus mills. As mentioned in the article, the moment Tata Steel took over Corus, it is loaded with a $7.4 billion debt and the high operational cost of Corus weakens the profit margins of Tata Steel (Luthans and Doh 2009). 3.1.3 Sustainability of its business versus sustainability of its corporate social responsibility during economy slow-down Should there be an economy slow-down, the ability of Tat Group to sustain its businesses versus their ability to sustain the social responsible culture, which is developed by Ratan’s ancestors (Griffin and Moorhead 2010), remains a challenge for Tata Group. The Rata conglomerate will have to decide between sustaining its businesses and fulfilling this culture. This will be especially tough with a  $7.4 billion debt already on its books. 3.1.4 Management control in Tata Group As mentioned in the article, Mr Ratan is the chief steward, of his team of nine senior executives in the Group Corporate Office, who negotiates major deals himself and immerses himself in the details of his businesses. Ratan Tata is also the major decision maker in most of Tata Group’s major deals. At the time when the article was written, Tata Group has not found a suitable successor. The fact that Mr Ratan Tata is single and childless (Luthans and Doh 2009) thus poses the toughest challenge of who is to fill the void for Tata Group, when Mr Ratan retires. 4. Analysis 4.1 Diversification of investments and businesses This long term problem will prove to be an obstacle towards its global expansion and the development of the company to its full potential, as there is no one common group strategy with a common objective. The lack of a common corporate strategy may act as a restraining force (Singh 2012; refer to Appendix 2) against moving Tata Group to its desired position in the global market and also against achieving overall productivity of the organization. 4.2 The continuation of operation of Corus mills A first look at this problem of the Tata Group would obviously be to discontinue the operation of Corus mills. However, one of the strengths and competitive advantage that Tata Group has over its competitors, is backward integration (Hill and Jones 2011) like what Hill and Jones (2011, 180) described – steel companies supplying its iron ore needs from company-owned iron ore mines. Having its own abundant coal and iron ore reserves enables Tata Group to produce raw steel at low cost in India, and ship it to Corus’ first-class mills overseas to produce  steel products. Furthermore, by looking at the financial data provided in the case study, Tata Motors was the least profitability business in 2007 for Tata Group. With the acquisition of Corus mills and Tata’s competitive advantage of backward integration, Tata Group can make use of Tata Steel and Corus mills to produce low cost steel car parts in order to reduce the cost of sales for Tata Motors. The gross profit margins for Tata Motors can be increased with the cost of sales reduced (Needles, Powers, and Crosson. 2010). 4.3 Sustainability of its business versus sustainability of its corporate social responsibility during economy slow-down When there is an economy slow-down, it will subject Tata Group’s decision on sustaining its business or still maintain its expensive corporate social responsibility, to a great test. A fast and immediate solution, during an economy down-turn will be to reduce the contributions for charitable causes, such as reducing or terminating the annual $40 million contribution for charitable acts in Jamshedpur, in order to sustain its businesses. However, Tata Group will have to consider about the long-term implications of such drastic immediate reduction or termination of charitable funds. The reputation of Tata Group may receive a beating in the long run, due to negative press and media reportings (Davies et al. 2003), should such measures are implemented drastically and immediately, in order to sustain its businesses. 4.4 Management control in Tata Group From the description of the article, the management style of Tata Group seemed to follow an ethnocentric strategic predisposition and an organizational culture of â€Å"family culture†. A cultural strategic predisposition refers to the particular way which most  multi-national companies (MNCs) have towards doing things (Luthans and Doh 2009; Aswathappa 2010). A MNC with an ethnocentric predisposition will normally depend on the values, and interests of the parent company in formulating and implementing a strategic plan. Their primary emphasis is on profitability and the company will try to run its overseas operations in line with how they are run back at home (Loke 2008; Aswathappa 2010). Tata Group is likened to be run with an ethnocentric predisposition as Mr Ratan Tata is the chief dealmaker who is closely involved in all major deals negotiations and also details of his different businesses. This predisposition will inevitably result in parochialism in Mr Tata, which may affect his logical strategic thinking. Tata Group has adopted a â€Å"family† type of organizational culture. â€Å"Family culture† type of organizations besides focusing on hierarchy, orientation to persons, leader heads the company like a caring parent, the management also takes good care of employees, ensures employees are well treated and enjoy continued employment (Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner 1998). This is clearly reflected in their spending of $40 million annually in the company’s home base of Jamshedpur and their excellent employee remuneration policy of workers still getting paid fully till the age of 60 years old and lifelong health care, even if they retire early. This will result in additional expenses for Tata Group in order to fulfill this â€Å"corporate social responsibility†. According to the article, Tata Group has not found a suitable successor at the time when the article was written. The toughest challenge will be finding a suitable candidate of who is able to fill the void for Tata Group, when Mr Ratan retires. 5. Criteria of Evaluation 1. To identify and differentiate between the â€Å"Cash cows† and â€Å"Stars† (Phadtare 2011; refer to Appendix 3) businesses and the â€Å"Question Mark (or Problem Child)† and â€Å"Dog† businesses (Phadtare 2011; refer to Appendix 3) within the next 6 months. 2. To reduce the $7.4 billion debt of Corus within the next 5 years. 3. To reduce their annual â€Å"charitable spending† gradually within the next 5 years, but yet not neglect or forgo their corporate social responsibility. 4. To identify a successor within the next two to three years. 6. Alternative strategies A comprehensive listing of all feasible strategies will be presented for Tata Group before the recommended strategy(ies) will discussed. 6.1 Short term (S): Targeted short-term objectives to achieve within the next few months to 1 year from the time of implementation. S1 To identify and group the businesses into â€Å"Cash cows†, â€Å"Stars†, â€Å"Question Mark (or Problem Child)† or â€Å"Dog† businesses (Phadtare 2011; refer to Appendix 3) within the next 6 months. S2 To decide on which business(es) to keep and focus on and which business(es) to liquidate. 6.2 Long term (L): Targeted long-term objectives to achieve within the next 3 – 5 years and beyond. L1 To reduce the $7.4 billion debt of Corus mills within the next 5 years by perhaps re-looking into refinancing the debt loan with a lower interest rate, in order to strength their profit margins. This is to convert Corus mills into a profitable business unit which will enable Tata Group to continue building on its competitive advantage over its competitors, of integrating backward integration, with the collaboration of Tata Steel and Corus mills, for Tata Motors. L2 To reduce their annual â€Å"charitable spending† of S$40 million for Jamshedpur gradually – 5% per year in the first four year and a final 10% in the fifth year, and also to reduce the employees’ benefits gradually. This will enable Tata Group to sustain its businesses better, but yet not neglect or forgo their corporate social responsibility. L3 To identify a successor within the next two to three years and also to gradually change their ethnocentric predisposition way of running the business and also their â€Å"family† type of organizational culture. Strategy statement as per Hofer and Schendel’s characteristics: Tata Group’s strategy for the next 3 – 5 years is to â€Å"tidy up† it’s widely diversified investments and businesses and exploit on its competitive advantage of backward integration (of owning iron ore mines) in order to help its automobile business increase profit margin. By gradually reducing their annual â€Å"charitable spending†, Tata Group will be able to channel these capital to sustain and expand its business globally. By identifying a successor for its chairman, this will ensure the sustainability of the Tata businesses and also to bring Tata Group to the next frontier. 7. Recommended strategy(ies) In order for this business plan for Tata Group to be successful, the strategies presented needs to be both achievable and sustainable with an accurate evaluation of its current resources, core competencies and capabilities. With both short term and long term strategies listed above and analyzed via the Strategy Feasibility Table listed in Appendix 4, the recommended strategies (best 3 out of 5) are as follows: S1:To identify and group the businesses. S2:To decide on which business(es) to keep, which business(es) to liquidate. L2:To reduce their annual â€Å"charitable spending†. 8. Justifications of recommendations After analyzing the alternatives strategies via the Strategy Feasibility Table (Refer to Appendix 4), it was decided that the most feasible strategies are S1, S2 and L2 to resolve the source and secondary problems above. Strategies S1 and S2 are chosen to best resolve the diversification of businesses that resulted in the absence of a common group strategy with a common objective for Tata Group. The next strategy for Tata Group to implement is the reduction of their annual â€Å"charitable spending†. This will free up more capital for Tata Group to redirect them to boast their â€Å"Stars† businesses. The remaining two long-term strategies of L1 and L3, with a slightly higher score of 15 and 14 respectively, in the feasibility test, may be considered to be implemented concurrently with lesser priorities. This is because it will not be easy for Tata Group to reduce the $7.4 billion debt within a short period of time and also not easy for any company to source for, identify and appoint a successor for its Chairman and to change the culture within a short period of time too. The most critical issue now is for Tata Group to conduct the most effective and efficient strategies. 9. Implementation, Control and Follow-up For any MNCs, e.g. Tata Group, it is not easy to implement business consolidation like S1 and S2. S1 and S2 described above will only be the â€Å"identification† stage to determine the type of business each belongs to. The physical implementation of the consolidation has to be executed with extreme caution as consolidation may result in employees redundancy. After  the consolidation exercise is successfully, the Group Corporate Office (GCO) of Tata Group will have to ensure that they do not launch massive business diversification plans without careful considerations. The follow-up on the implementation of S1 and S2 will have to be monitor by the GCO closely with a clear timeline listed out as a guide to prevent any procrastination or delays. As for the implementation of strategy L2, Tata Group has to execute it with caution too. It is not be implemented too hastily to prevent any damage to the company’s image due to any to negative press and media reportings (Davies et al. 2003). Any other future â€Å"charitable spending† will have to be discussed and decided more stringently. As stated above under Section 6.2, L2, the reduction will be done gradually over a timeline of 5 years and the GCO of Tata Group will have to adhere closely to this timeline. (2,220 words excluding Executive Summary, headings, sub-headings, in-text citations, and this sentence.) 10. References Aswathappa, K. 2010. International Business. 4th ed. New Delhi, India: Tata McGraw Hill. http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Dk4SWsWbbaMC&pg=PA332&dq=Strategic+predisposition&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9nIlT5jIN5GzrAfIhryyCA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Strategic%20predisposition&f=false. Change Management Coach. 2012. Change-Management-Coach.com: Force Field Analysis – Kurt Lewin. http://www.change-management-coach.com/force-field-analysis.html. Davies, Gary, Rosa Chun, Rui Vinhas da Silva, and Stuart Roper. 2003. Corporate Reputation and Competitiveness. 1st ed. New York, USA: Taylor & Francis Group. http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=eU4bVJmmKC4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=reputation&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9j85T4aVCdGrrAeRsYHWBQ&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=reputat ion&f=false. Griffin, Ricky W., and Gregory Moorhead. 2010. Organizational Behaviour: Managing People and Organizations. 9th ed. Mason, OH, USA: South-Western Cengage Learning. http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=RidV6vh08xMC&pg=PA349&dq=Culture+of+Tata+Group&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Q8QjT_mKCcfPrQef-IiNAg&ved=0CGwQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Culture%20of%20Tata%20Group&f=false. Hill, Charles W. L., and Gareth R. Jones. 2011. Essentials of Strategic Management. 3rd ed. Mason, OH, USA: South-Western Cengage Learning. http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=VdG243upAqwC&pg=PA180&dq=backward+integration+in+strategic+management&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3NQ3T4PxEsHirAe2vfjVBQ&sqi=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=backward%20integration%20in%20strategic%20management&f=false. Hofer, Charles W., and Dan Schendel. 1982. Strategy Formulation: Analytical Concepts. 8th ed. Eagan, Minnesota, USA: West Pub. http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=8VcIfAEACAAJ&dq=Strategy+Formulation:+Analytical+Concepts&hl=en&sa=X&ei=pasjT9_BCIjMrQf0x7GeCA&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAA. Johnson, Debra, and Colin Turner. 2010. International Business: Themes and issues in the modern global economy. 2nd ed. New York, USA: Taylor & Francis Group. http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Dhi7yUtQjegC&pg=PA140&dq=Members+of+the+Tata+Group+Corporate+Centre&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JpE3T8-LMYXRrQfw7fHVBQ&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Members%20of%20the%20Tata%20Group%20Corporate%20Centre&f=false. Koontz, Harold, and Heinz Weihrich. 2010. Essentials of Management: An International Perspective. 8th ed. New Delhi, India: Tata McGraw Hill. http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=s_wzNWdevJoC&pg=PA118&dq=Tata+group&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QwwlT6vTJsnjrAfosdymCA&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Tata%20group&f=false. Loke, Chee Shong. 2008. International Management. 1st ed. USA: Aberdeen University Press Services. http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=BpbvbvaMjCwC&pg=PA48&dq=ethnocentric+strategic+predisposition&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hEg5T_uvA43yrQf6hPnVBQ&ved=0CFcQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=ethnocentric%20strategic%20predisposition&f=false. Luthans, F., and Jonathan P. Doh. 2009. International Management: Culture, Strategy, and Behavior. 7th ed. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill. Luthans, F., and Jonathon P. Doh. 2012. International Management: Culture, Strategy, and Behavior. 8th ed. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill. Needles, Belverd, Marian Powers, and Susan Crosson. 2010. Financial and Managerial Accounting. 9th ed. Mason, OH, USA: South-Western Cengage Learning. http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=xI8pEZIob9UC&pg=PA225&dq=reduce+cost+of+sales&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Dd43T-P7CpG0rAfo24zWBQ&ved=0CFUQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=reduce%20cost%20of%20sales&f=false. Phadtare, Milind T. 2011. Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases. 1st ed. New Delhi, India: PHI Learning Private Limited. http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=FdtGb2cZTRgC&pg=PA145&lpg=PA144&dq=BCG+Model#v=onepage&q=BCG%20Model&f=false. QuickMBA. 2010. QuickMBA: Strategy / BCG Matrix. http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/matrix/bcg/. Singh, Kavita. 2012. Organizational Behavior. 1st ed. New Delhi, India: Pearson Education India. http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=DbC0_McBPgIC&pg=PA337&dq=force+field+analysis+kurt+lewin&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KEA7T-jvPIjsrAeRnJmHAQ&ved=0CFQQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=force%20field%20analysis%20kurt%20lewin&f=false. Tata Group. 2012. Tata Group Worldwide. http://www.tata.com/. The Economic Times. 2011. The Economic Times, Topics, Ratan Tata. Mumbai, India: Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/Ratan-Tata. Trompenaars, Alfons, and Charles Hampden-Turner. 1998. Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Diversity in Global Business. 2nd ed. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill. Appendix Appendix 1: The seven business sectors of the Tata group The seven business sectors of the Tata group: 1) Communications and information technology 2) Engineering 3) Materials 4) Services 5) Energy 6) Consumer products 7) Chemicals (Tata Group 2012) Appendix 2: Kurt Lewin’s Force Field Analysis Source:http://www.change-management-coach.com/force-field-analysis.html(Change Management Coach 2012) Appendix 3: The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Growth Share Matrix Source:http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/matrix/bcg/ (QuickMBA 2010)

Proposal of Divorce

Proposal: Divorce The topic I will be discussing in my paper is on Divorce and the affects it has on the household. To me this topic is significant because my parents were separated. Although they were never married, it seems as though the affects of divorce are similar. In society, this topic is significant because today, divorce happens all the time. It seems as though it is just as popular as getting married. When divorce is brought to society’s attention it is looked at many different ways.Some people analyze it as a good thing. â€Å"If they weren’t truly happy, then its best to go their separate ways†. Other viewers in society such as priests and ministers tend to take a different view. â€Å"They were brought together by God. They took a vow; ‘Until death do we part’, and although it’s not a sin, it is looked down upon†. Different views on the topic of divorce seem to have one idea in common: the affect it has on the household.Di vorce is a very tough process and can be very strenuous on the kids in the family. While researching this topic I plan to go to a church group that may help deal with the issues involved in divorce. I also plan on investigating the different organizations that help the family and kids recover from the separation of their parents. Online, there are studies and research done on the affects that a divorce has on the family that I will be taking a look at.Throughout the duration of writing this paper I plan to research my topic as much as possible. Research can take up to a matter of days or weeks. However, this paper does have a deadline and I am sure I will not achieve 100% of the information that an actual research might use. I will research this topic as much as I need to for as long as I can to get an accurate reading on the topic of Divorce and the affect it has in the household. Because I am the only researcher for this topic, there will be a lot to do.This includes: gathering ge neral information, going to different places that help kids of divorced parents, pull all the information together and write a paper that explains the effects that divorce has on the household. I feel that this paper will help those around me look at divorce in a different way. Some may change their view, while others may stay the same. I just have to get the facts on both sides and present it to them so that people can truly understand the effects that divorce has on a household.

Performance And Specifications Of Power Pumps Engineering Essay

IntroductionBackground:The agencies of pumping is the most of import manner of fluid transportation for 1000s of old ages. Ancient Egyptians used water wheels with hoppers for the motion of vehicle marked with H2O for irrigation intent. In the 3rd century BC ; the Grecian scientist Stisebeos Alexandria invents the reciprocating pump to pump H2O. The about the same clip discovered the Grecian mathematician Archimedes the prison guard pump, called the composit of mandolins with a coiling traveling on inside the cylinder. Till that clip the there was no much development occurs until the late 17th century, where the Gallic adventurer Denis invent a pump with consecutive blades. Then the British adventurer John Oblad invents the centrifugal pump with curving blades in 1851. Thereafter, the first usage of compressors with axial-flow turbo jet engines where found in the mid-fortiess of the 20th century AD.Reciprocating PumpPositive supplanting pumps are that type of machines which is common for applications that require a really high Pressures and comparatively low flow. In this machine, the liquid flows into a contained infinite, such as a cylinder, speculator, or rotor. Then a traveling Piston forces the liquid out of the cylinder, increasing the force per unit area. The usage of positive supplanting pumps is common in applications that require high discharge force per unit area and comparatively low flow. The discharge force per unit area generated by a positive supplanting pump is – in theory – space. If the pump is dead headed, the force per unit area generated will increase until either a pump portion fails or the driver stalls from deficiency of power. The Reciprocating Pump – besides known as Power Pump- is one type from the Positive Displacement Pump. In his book, Pollak illustrates that the Reciprocating pump has a random-access memory, speculator, Piston or other cylindrical component working backwards and forwards within a cylinder or pump barrel ; this gesture is normally delivered from a grouch go arounding unvarying velocity, and linking rod. Automatic valve control the flow of liquid into the cylinder, and out once more. A Piston or a speculator moves back and Forth in an enclosed cylinder. A reciprocating pump besides has a power terminal and a liquid terminal. Most piston pumps are individual playing ; plunger pumps are dual moving. The diameter of the Piston, the length of the Piston shot and the speed of the Walter pistons determine the pump capacity. See figPower Pumps:As mentioned by Igor Karassik in his book that the power pump does non develop force per unit area ; it merely produces a flow of fluid. The downstream procedure or shrieking system produces a opposition to this flow, thereby bring forthing force per unit area in the piping system and dispatch part of the pump. The flow fluctuates at a rate proportional to the pump velocity and figure of cylinders. The amplitude of the fluctuations is a map of the figure of cylinders. Karassik added that greater the figure of cylinders, the lower the amplitude of the flow fluctuations at a specific revolutions per minute. It is ever possible for the power pump to bring forth different capacity as they are capable of operating over a broad scope of velocities. Each pump has maximum suction and discharge force per unit area limits that ; when combined with its maximal velocity, find the pump ‘s power evaluation. The pump can be applied to power conditions that are less than its maximal evaluation but at a little lessening in mechanical efficiencyOperating Principles:In his paper, Samuel explains the pump operation as follows ; the reciprocating pump uses a crankshaft-connecting rod mechanism. The crankshaft-connecting rod mechanism converts the rotary motion of the crankshaft to a reciprocating additive motion of Pistons. The Piston motion creates volume alterations. As a pit opens when a Piston retracts, the fluid is admitted through an recess cheque valve. When the Piston reverses, the recess look into valve stopping points, and the pit reduces when the Piston extends. The mercantile establishme nt look into valve clears and the fluid is forced out by the Piston. Despite that of the fluid being pumped, the discharge volume is fixed for each crankshaft revolution. Pressure is determined by the system flow opposition and pump building. The Speed decrease is so needed for diminishing high velocity from the driver to low pump shaft velocity.Applications for Power pumps are:†¢ Oil well clay pumps †¢ Reverse osmosis charge pumps †¢ Auxiliary boiler provender pumps †¢ Pipeline pumps †¢ Oil field H2O injection pumps †¢ Slurry pumps †¢ Process pumpsPerformance and specifications:In his paper, David Parker negotiations about the specification illustrating that the quality and measure of information on suction conditions will find the ultimate success or failure of any pump installing. The bulk of pump jobs, start at the suction. There must be a minimal sum of absolute force per unit area available to provide fluid to the pump suction. PD pumps by and large require less absolute force per unit area. Net Positive Inlet Pressure Required ( NPIPR ) , at the pump suction rim, is the evaluation of entire recess losingss within that pump at rated conditions. Unit of measurements are force per unit area footings ; PSI, Kg/cm2, Bar, KPa. These losingss include the unstable clash loss along the internal suction way, the alteration in lift from the suction rim to the enclosed volume, the unstable clash loss of come ining the enclosed volume, and the acceleration to the speed of the enclosed volume. For any given size, NPIPR will increase with increased viscousness or flow ( increased flow = increased velocity ) . Volumes of gas are normally specified comparative to standard temperature and force per unit area ( STP ) of 680F and atmospheric force per unit area ; 14.7 psia ; 200C, 1.034 Kg/cm2 absolute. By stipulating the standard volume of gas and stipulating the suction force per unit area and temperature, the volume of gas nowadays at the pump suction can be calculated. This capacity must be added to the liquid capacity in order to size the pump for the needed liquid flow rate. If suction force per unit area is below atmospheric force per unit area, even little sums of entrained gas will spread out in volume necessitating a larger pump. Capacity should be defined for the rated status. If there is an acceptable scope of capacities, the lower limit and maximal acceptable should be stated. This allows pump providers to offer standard merchandises without holding to modify for specific capacity dem ands.Efficiency:In the reciprocating pump, merely two efficiency losingss need to be considered ; volumetric and Mechanical. Volumetric efficiency loss is provoked by slippage through valves, ratio of liquid chamber volume at terminal of shot to plunger/piston supplanting volume, and liquid squeezability. Mechanical efficiency loss occurs while get the better ofing mechanical clash in bearing and velocity decrease. The overall efficiency of a reciprocating pump unit is by and large above 85 % throughout its full operating scope. However, in the reciprocating pump can run over 90 % because many pumps and decrease units operate at a mechanical efficiency of 98 per centum, and the volumetric efficiency can frequently be above 95 per centum.Viscosity:Viscosity of a fluid is the ratio of shear emphasis to the rate of shear strain. It is a step of its opposition to flux. High viscousness fluids, like gum elastic, adhesives, or molasses, are really immune to forces applied to travel them. Low viscousness fluids, like kerosine or H2O, have really small opposition to coerce. Viscosity is reduced as temperature is increased ; hot fluids flow more readily than cold fluids. Viscosity should ever be given at a specified temperature. Typical units for viscousness are centipoises, centistokes, and SSU. Positive Displacement pumps maintain high efficiencies throughout the viscousness scope. Entrained gasses ca n be handled in big measures by most Positive Displacement pump designs ; nevertheless care must be taken in stipulating measure of gas entrained and flow required. Positive Displacement pumps are used to keep the changeless flow rate as nozzle force per unit areas change due to choke offing and gnawing. Precise control of fuel add-on rates increases the operators control over burning conditions. This in bend leads to cut down air emanations, a really critical concern in a extremely regulated industry. The reciprocating pump provides a about changeless flow rate over a wider scope of force per unit area ; the centrifugal pump gives unvarying force per unit area over a scope of flow, so it drops dramatically as the flow rate additions. On a reciprocating pump, fluid viscousness has small consequence on the flow rate as the force per unit area increases. However, unstable viscousness has a large impact on the centrifugal pump ‘s force per unit area and flow rate. The efficiency besides drops well.Advantages:Efficiency is rather high even though there are alterations in the needed caput. It can be up to 85 % to 95 % or even more. Merely with high velocity it tends to diminish somewhat. Reciprocating pumps run at much lower operating velocities than centrifugal pumps and therefore is better suited for managing viscose fluid. For a given velocity the flow rate is changeless regardless of caput, the pump is limited merely by the power of the premier mover and the strength of the pump parts. The fluid flow from the reciprocating pump is well high. It is start automatically. No demand to make full the cylinders before get downing. Disadvantages: There are poorer in managing liquids incorporating solids that tend to eat valves and seats. Because of the pulsating flow and force per unit area bead throw the valves they require larger suction force per unit area at the subdivision rim to avoid cavitations. Due to mechanical quivers, the pulsating flow require a particular attending to subdivision and discharge piping design Hovering gesture of the nozzle creates perturbations that travel at velocity of sound from the pump cylinder shrieking system. These perturbations cause the force per unit area degree of the system to fluctuate with regard to clip. It is hard to pump syrupy liquid in the reciprocating pump The cost of bring forthing Piston pumps is high. This is due to the really accurate sizes of the cylinders and Pistons. Besides, the geartrain needed to change over the rotary motion of the thrust motor into a reciprocating action involves excess equipment and cost. Discharge flow problems: Care cost a batch considered with its handiness, because throbing flow and big figure of traveling parts, as the atoms can acquire into the little clearances and cause terrible wear. The Piston pump therefore, should non be used for slurries. The throbing features of the fluid fluxing into and out of power pumps are significantly affected by the figure of Pistons. Discharge flow pulsings are the most critical because of the high energy potency generated when the system opposition reacts with the flow to make force per unit area. Since the magnitude of the discharge pulsing is largely affected by the figure of cylinders, so we can get the better of the pulsing flow by increasing the figure of cylinders. Besides, we can cut down the discontinuity by utilizing an collector at the terminal of the nose which will provides a continues flow.

Gun Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Gun Control - Essay Example This essay dwells upon the problem of gun control and its influence.There is a widespread perception that committing suicide is a long process that requires planning just like a wedding or something else. Studies have shown that suicide does not require much rational decision but it is something done spontaneously. This means that if a person came across a death striking murder is at the verge life and death. This might sound far-fetched, according to Boston Globe report, states with high level of gun ownership have a suicide rate almost twice as high as those states with low ownership level. More surprisingly, people who committed suicide were found to be seventeen times more likely to live with guns at home than not. Most criminals who cause a massacre utilize illegal weapons. Between 1982 and 2012, the US has heard an astonishing number of roughly sixty-two mass shooting which was propagated by gun licensing. Mother Jones research outlines that out of sixty-two shooting; forty-nine were perpetrated using legal weapons. It is worth noting that, half of all mass shooters use assault weapons and high capacity magazines. A few sensible restrictions could have saved a lot of lives. If a criminal is determined to pull off a massacre, he could do it very easily using a shotgun, handgun or even a musket. So putting controls on the assault firearms is a good thing and should be encouraged. Gun control decreases the number of lives lost through reckless act of senseless shooting thus it save lives. Australia parliament supports this action. In fact in 1996, a mass shooter killed thirty five people in port Arthur in a massacre, two weeks later, the prime minister by then , John Howard launched an aggressive clampdown on gun ownership that have never been experienced in the history of Australia. Within this exercise, around 650,000 automatic and semi-automatic weapons were destroyed and a whole raft of checks and controls brought in. As a result, individuals stop the aimless killing (Lott 52). In fact, the killing rate reduced to zero. The main aim of gun is consumed by the lifestyle of US citizen. Frankly, very few of those who

Womens right and culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Womens right and culture - Essay Example Society espouses women are known to be the weaker gender. Being week, women are often discriminated. The article emphasizes gender discrimination prevents the entry of women into the entrepreneurial world. The research conducted of African American, Asian, and minority women entrepreneurs indicated gender discrimination led to fewer women successfully entering the entrepreneurship world. Family members played a vital role in discouraging women from prioritizing the entrepreneurship roles. The paper affirms men have better chances than women in the world of finance. However, there is â€Å"global increase in the number of women are entering the entrepreneurship world by setting up their own businesses, increasing by as much as between  ¼ increase to as high as 1/3 increase per year.† (Ama, Ama & Mangadi 507). Despite society’s disadvantageous stand on women, some women do not give up on life. Instead, they double their efforts to surpass the obstacles of the bias of the gender-discriminating world in order to increase the family’s overall income or cash. The paper places importance on the government’s role in increasing the number of women entrepreneurs in each country. The government must set into motion strategies and policies that encourage, not deter, the women from entering the profitable entrepreneurship world (Ama, Ama & Mangadi 508). In another article, the sports world prefers a male-prioritized coaching strategy. As expected, most of the sports coaches are males. In the corporate world, most of the management officers are males. Statistics indicated that only one out of five coaches belongs to the female gender. Consequently, female job applicants struggle to land the leadership coaching jobs. The research indicates that the athletes undergo a male training strategy (Aicher & Sagas, 171). Further, the same article affirms society’s preference for

Zara Company Business Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Zara Company Business Model - Essay Example Gap Inc. commonly known as Gap is a multi-national clothing and accessories retailer in America. Its headquarters is currently in San Francisco, California. However, it also has some of its design offices London, San Francisco and London. The company’s brand name is Gap, and it sells clothing to all groups of people ranging from males, females, and children. It operates five principal divisions namely; Banana Republic, Piperlime, the namesake banner, Athleta, and Old Navy. It has outsourced its production to China, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, among others. Additionally, some of its products are also manufactured in Central America. Some of its strengths that have enabled it to remain relevant in the market include; brand recognition, multiple stores worldwide, segmented markets, product utility, among others (Maheshwari, 2012). However, it failed to acknowledge the importance of its customers by paying lots of attention to its expansion strategies, instead of meeting the customer needs. It is a fact that expansion strategies can only be successful when apposite research is done. Concentrating on expansion strategies is correct for several stores only when they have a strong foothold in the market, or when their customers are extremely loyal. However, these two fundamental factors were not present in Gap’s case. Gap focused on expanding its stores by cutting expenditures in some areas of the company. This resulted in the loss of the company’s core values, goals, and objectives.... Concentrating on expansion strategies is correct for several stores only when they have a strong foothold in the market, or when their customers are extremely loyal. However, these two fundamental factors were not present in Gap’s case. Gap focused on expanding its stores by cutting expenditures in some areas of the company. This resulted in the loss of the company’s core values, goals and objectives (Moin, 2011). In the long run, its competitors such as TJX, Ross Stores, Wal-Mart, just to mention but a few moved into the industry; thus, grasping a strong prominence. Additionally, these retailers were smaller compared to Gap; thus, they did not find difficulties in keeping up with the changing needs of the industry. Gap Inc. inability to quickly respond to the changes in the industry led to a decline in its sales and dividends. Disruptive Business Model Disruptive business model refers to a business idea that is extremely different from the way business is normally cond ucted. Therefore, it contributes to total interruption of the entire industry leading to market revolution, and not the customary market evolution. This type of business model normally leads immense tectonic shifts in the behavior of customers, market upheavals, as well as change of the market share as innovators of the novel disruptive model roll out the revolutionary service or product. An example of this model was demonstrated by Dell through its direct-to-consumer retail model opposing the archetypal retail store front. Dell’s new model served customers at a fairly cheap price and it put in place the most current components effectively compared to the archetypal store-front retailers. After five years of its existence, several store-based

Uprising of Syria Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Uprising of Syria - Research Paper Example The questions, which arise from the crisis in Syria, are the nature of the Syrian conflicts, the relationship between a civil war and a revolution and whether the crisis in Syria overshadows a revolution (hill). Nature of conflicts in Syria The crisis in Syria cannot be classified as purely sectarian as the international and the local media try to classify it. This classification of the Syrian conflicts as sectarian is as a result of the failure of the media personalities to understand Syrians or generally Arabs in other terms, which do not identify them as sectarian. A sectarian conflict can only be described as one that lies outside a country's history and does not depend on any social and economic factors. Sectarian conflicts are often referred to as religious conflicts and are static. The Syrian situation is similar to the case of Spanish civil war, Yemen civil war and the revolution that occurred in Libya. The main cause of the Syrian civil war is as a result of the uprising of the Syrian citizens against a class of individuals whose main goal is to enslave others. According to McMahon in his article on crisis in Syria, he describes the cause of the continued crisis is mainly as a result of disunity among different religious and ethnic group. This makes it more difficult to find a concrete solution to these crises (Macmahon). US president is quoted in solidarity magazine saying, â€Å"The crisis in Syria should be solved through a meditation led by international community†. This implies that international communities like the United Nations should initiate the process of mediation in order to find long term solutions to the...Moghadam in her article on Syria crisis and prospects quotes the UN secretary general saying, â€Å"We need to come up with an immediate solution to these uprisings†. On this has seen some of the nations like the United States of America and Britain argue that it is crucial to intervene in the crisis in Syria, while othe r nations like Russia and France arguing otherwise (Moghadam). The Syrian uprising has attracted attention from every nation across the world given the fact that Syria was once considered as the most peaceful and stable Arab country in the world. Different leaders across the world have varying opinions on the crisis in Syria. Some view it as a civil war while others view it as a revolution which involves political forces. The Syrian crisis should so far be classified as civil war since the government is fighting against a well organized rebel gang â€Å"Sunnis† which was possibly established during the initial uprisings. Most revolutions bare some aspects of civil war; however some aspects of civil war cannot be overlooked during a civil war as in the case of the Syrian revolution which has turned out to be a civil war. In conclusion, the crises in Syria originate mainly from the internal factors and forces. The major internal cause of the crisis is the government of Syria, which triggered the initial demonstration through infringing the rights of its citizen.

Summary and Analysis Papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summary and Analysis Papers - Essay Example Six of the world’s 10 fastest economies are located in Africa. An interesting demographic fact about Africa is that half its population is under the age of 20. By the year 2043 Africa will surpass China as the world’s largest workforce. A problem with the African economy is that it lacks savings and capital. South Africa despite being Africa’s largest economy has a slower growth rate than most of its neighbors. The sub-Saharan region is referred to as the â€Å"frontier markets.† Investors are looking to invest in mutual funds connected to an index of frontier market stocks. Investors should research companies in the region carefully since a lot of them lack liquidity. The beer industry is going very well in Africa. A way for investors to get around the liquidity issue of African stocks is by purchasing companies that have most of their assets in Africa, but are listed elsewhere such as in the London Stock Exchange (LSE). The equity markets in Africa might not be able to keep up with the expectations of investors. There are a lot of family owned businesses that do not want to lose control to investors by selling the equity of their firms. The industries that tend to list companies the most in Africa are banks, telecoms, and breweries followed by consumer businesses. â€Å"In Africa returns come from revenue growth and efficiency gains† (Harare & Johannesburg, 2013). ... The nation suffers from a variety of problems that are hindering the economic growth of the region. The educational system and business infrastructure of Africa are very poor. A lot of towns in Africa lack running water and electricity. The governments of the different countries in Africa have to form an alliance in order to help resolve the economic problems of the region. It was interesting to know that a lot of the economies of Africa are growing, but since these economies are so underdeveloped the growth in the economies is not helping improve the standard of living of the people of the region. The unemployment rate of Africa is very high. A way to bring more jobs into Africa is through foreign investment. The business community of Africa has to be more open towards forming alliances with foreign corporations. The use of joint ventures and strategic alliances can help persuade a lot of companies to enter the African marketplace. The potential of Africa of becoming the future manu facturing hub of the world exist due to the fact that Africa is going to have the largest workforce in the world within three decades. The African economy has to evolve by placing emphasis on the educational system of the continent. A more educated workforce is needed to attract industries to Africa that rely on skilled laborers. The governments of the different countries of Africa have to develop economic incentive packages to attract business to come to Africa. Creating free trade zones is a great way to spur economic activity. Africa should also look to improve its infrastructure to enhance the business environment of the nation. Another way for the economy to create jobs is by attracting labor intensive industries that are

Radar Logic in the business excellence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Radar Logic in the business excellence - Essay Example Every organization has a mission, vision and goal. In addition, businesses develop strategies in which they can ultimately achieve these objectives. This is referred to as the business plan. It is essential that businesses develop a means in which they can assess their development with respect to achieving their goals and objectives. The intention of this treatise is to make out whether the organization is indeed running right in terms of direction and pace. The EFQM Business mold operates by providing organizations a yardstick for which they can measure and evaluate their existing position as pertains to excellence (Hakes & Wilkinson, 2007, 76). With this, the organization is granted the opportunity to identify the facets of the organization that is need of additional efforts in order to achieve the overall goal of excellence of the organization. The EFQM emphasizes on the importance of prioritizing the shareholders purposes and ensuring that the original targets of the company are met as stipulated. In conclusion, the EFQM model is a necessary tool for measuring the progress of the organization with respect to its goals. It beneficial as it helps to single out and analyze the different areas of the organization in terms of their performance. This is essential in the identification of the areas that need more attention and effort in order for the organization to achieve the excellence level that is

Self-Evaluation of Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self-Evaluation of Life - Essay Example The society that I come from places a lot of importance on religion, honour and obedience to the teachings of religion. I live in a society that is characterized by diversity in all aspects of life from religion to cultural and traditional practices. This created a conflict of interest on my part because I wanted to maintain the integrity of my beliefs, and at the same time adapt and thrive in this dynamic new world (Casino, 58). There were significant forces that had an influence on my life, and in retrospect, there were some that were positive while others were negative. It is during this initial transitional period that I was faced with the possibility of losing direction in life when I met a fellow fellow citizen. He had experienced the same predicament I was presently facing, and when he identified with my situation, he endeavoured to help me cope with the situation. He introduced me to other people who had gone through the same experience of identity conflict. Through sharing a bout our experiences in the past and present with each other, I was able to feel better about myself and better equipped to deal with cultural shock. I am eternally thankful to this person for helping me preserve my sense of identity and beliefs of my heritage. There are things in one’s life that hold meaning, in the sense that they represent, to them core elements that are part of self and their identity. I come from a society that has excellent pride in the breed of horses that are bred and reared, by the people.

Fuddy Meers Essay Example for Free

Fuddy Meers Essay They play was quite an interesting play with its use of comedy and tragedy. The actors did a terrific job on portraying the characters. The set was small so it was much easier to see their reactions. The introduction to the play was pretty unique with those people in tight pants and glitter all over everybody in the lobby. They never broke character no matter what went on in the lobby. Later they used as prompts on stage which was pretty interesting because at times I was so into the play I forgot they were there acting as a car or a door. Although Claire was the main character, the actor who played Millet had the best acting on stage. They way he switch between the two personality was amazing and hilarious. He portrayed the character really well and had me believing for a bit that he actually had a dual personality. His entrance on to the stage in every scene was perfect, every time he can on he was really enthusiastic and his enthusiasm did not fluctuate too much in the play, even though he was not playing one but two characters. The actress who played Claire portrayed the character well. From the beginning to the end she really captured the characters and her emotions. When she first entered on stage I was confused of what was going as she was walking aimlessly across the stage but later realized that was the whole point. She wanted the audience to believe she was confused and lost; and she did. I notice her break the fourth wall every now and then as she looked into the audience. I suppose it was part of the scrip to interact with the audience because she mostly did it when she was on the side doing random things with the people in tight pants. Her entrances where perfect every time, even though the scenes where being switched off between her and Richard in the car, she never seen to loose focus. You could clearly see every expression on her face which made it more realistic to the audience. The actor who played Richard could have done a better job on portraying his character. He wasn’t terrible it just looked like he was trying to hard; it just didn’t seem as natural. For example in the scene he gets pulled over by the lady cop, he was a little too jittery; no one really acts like that. Overall he did pretty decent job but could have done much better. The limping man, who was Zack than later we found out he was Claire ex husband, did an amazing job portraying his character. It wasn’t only his facial deformation, which I have to admit looked pretty real to me, but was the way he acted out the character, from the lisp to the scary deep voice, that made him truly incredible. He made the audience believe he was really deformed. The scene when he first took Claire and he was struggle to enter the window was pretty hilarious but he also gave an insight to what he character was going through. They endowed many things on the set, most of the things looked pretty realistic. In the scene when Richard and his son go looking for Claire they used a paper joint to endow the marijuana they were smoking but they did not portray being under the influence as well as they could have. Usually people that smoke pot are really laid back and giggly with short term memory loss not knowing what their doing half the time. They also endowed the officer’s gun which still look pretty real. When Claire was running up and down the stage with that knife it seem pretty dangerous but from where I was sitting I couldn’t even tell if it was real or fake. The overall play was excellent and it gave me an opportunity to learn from these actors what to do and not to do. They really had some tremendous actors on this set who did an amazing job on convincing the audience on what was going on in the play.

Chaucers Models of Authorship and his Anxiety Essay Example for Free

Chaucers Models of Authorship and his Anxiety Essay Chaucers Models of Authorship and his Anxiety of Influence in the Prologue to the Legend of Good Women.  There is no doubt that Sir Geoffrey Chaucer placed immense value upon the integrity and accuracy of his work. This is clearly evident in the poem, Chaucers Wordes Unto Adam, his Owne Scriveyn, where he reprimands his scribe Adam for his negligence and over zealousness in copying texts he has given him. But after my makyng thow wryte more trewe, So ofte adaye I mot thy werk renewe,  It to correct and eke to rubbe and scrape,  And al is thorugh thy negligence and rape. (Chaucer, Adam 4-7)  It is a short, yet passionate poem as it succinctly illustrates the intense ferocity Chaucer felt toward Adam for altering his creations; as demonstrated when he calls down a plague upon poor Adams head! Chaucers preoccupation with the transmission of texts that are of quality and trewe spills over into another of his works, prologue to Legend of Good Women [G Text], in which he examines the whole concept of his responsibility as an author in a more holistic fashion. This essay seeks to discuss how Chaucer felt about his accountability as an author, translator and mediator of texts and the influences that fashioned his subjectivity as a writer. It also seeks to explore the anxiety that Chaucer displays in the prologue as to his justification as an author and his realisation of the influence that his subjectivity would have in the future on his readership. It is clear that about the time Chaucer commenced to write the prologue to the Legend of Good Women, that he was beginning to feel very self-aware of his impact upon his readers and his responsibility as an author. In a time when illiteracy rates were high and his works were scantly distributed among a privileged coterie, Chaucer began to awaken to his accountability to adequately transmit the truth of a text. Chaucer saw himself as the saviour of these tales, which only for his penning would be lost to the world forever. And if that olde bokes were aweye/ Yloren were of rememberance the keye (LGW 25-26). A most interesting metaphor that he uses to convey this in the prologue is the image of himself as the reaper of left over ears of corn thereby salvaging the tales and legends of old by committing them to the written word. For wel I wot that folk han here-beforn  Of makyng ropen, and lad awey the corn;  And I come after, glenynge here and there,  And am ful glad if I may fynde an ere  Of any goodly word that they han left (LGW 61-65).  Chaucer saw himself as undertaking the labour of collecting, recording and translating these stories, at times even reconstituting them using his own discretion As of the lef again the flour to make (LGW 71-72). Chaucers labour of love was to remember these stories and in doing so form a bedrock upon which to establish English as a literary language his flowers will become the bread upon which English literature will be sustained. It is also interesting to note that Chaucer uses a specific flower as the metaphor for his works the daisy. This is a simple, humble, unpretentious flower perhaps a metaphor for the English vernacular: numerous but unadorned. Chaucer blatantly announced in the prologue, his ultimate objective in the compilation of these tales was, The naked text in English to declare (LGW 86). Using the English vernacular, over French and Latin, Chaucer wanted to establish the artistic integrity of the English language and he did this with fabulous success. Less than a century later, Thomas Hoccleve canonised Chaucer as a literary progenitor, as a quasi-religious icon, as a model of authoritative advice, and as the founder of a national poetic tradition (Perkins, 103), in the im mortal lines: My deere maistir, God his soule qwyte, And fadir, Chaucer, fayn wolde han me taght,  But I was dul and lerned lyte or naght. (Hoccleve, 2077-2079)  It is possible that Chaucer projected that his name would be draped with the mantle of a title so weighted with reverence and respect as the father and creator of a literary tradition and it is evident a certain anxiety about his role as the author is manifested in the prologue to Legend. It is unusual that a 14th century author would be concerned about his bearing over a text as this view to the writing and development of an authors work is commonly associated with the Modernist approach to literary theory which was first brought into vogue during the 20th century. In practical terms, Chaucer understood that in each text he wrote, there was a part of him in it it was subjective. Chaucer was the vital and central ingredient to the flower that he had reconstructed. In the prologue Chaucer thoroughly considered his credibility as an author and translator of these stories, contemplating the influences and modes of authorship, which had constructed and influenced his own style.

Examining The Maritime Academy Engineering Essay

Examining The Maritime Academy Engineering Essay Arabian Gulf countries have a long history and tradition on maritime affairs, and Arabs considered as the most skilled and experienced seafarers and traders. These traditional and historical ties with sea, the proposed Maritime Academy trusts to cultivate to the highest level by providing the Arab youth with vocational and professional maritime training that meets all current international standards. The proposed Maritime Academy will be dedicated to the training of Arab seafarers to be and will give students the best possible start to their careers in the international shipping industry. It is well known that seafaring offers a stimulating, fulfilling and well paid career to young men who enjoy the associated challenges and responsibility, and who want more from a career than the usual nine to five routine. A career at sea brings with it a wealth of opportunity, providing individuals with the training and experience for a lifetime of rewarding challenges, which in the long term can be continued either at sea or ashore. While many will aspire to reach the ranks of Captain or Chief Engineer aboard ship, others may decide later on to move ashore and pursue one of the many opportunities available to experienced ships officers in the international shipping industry or elsewhere (e.g. shipping management, port management, ship broking, maritime law, ship and cargo surveying etc.) Most Arab countries are blessed with excessive oil reserves and this oil is transported to countries all over the world. This oil industry needs competent and reputable shipping industry to take care of the oil transport and has to be run by skilled, well trained, and educated officers both aboard ships and ashore. Technical and managerial skills learned at sea are readily transferable and can be developed by further training. And is the scope of the proposed Maritime Academy to provide. 1.2 Building up of Students Professional Qualifications In the Maritime Academy young cadets will learn and trained in such a way as to enhance all these personal qualities existing in every man and which are essential for a successful ships officer in order to cope with the demands of the profession. As a merchant marine officer he will spend several months at a time away from home living in close proximity with other crew members. The ability to cope with the stresses of separation whilst exercising tolerance towards others on the ship is therefore essential. In the Maritime Academy young cadets will learn to accept, later as ships Officers, a higher level of responsibility than would be expected at a similar age in most other professions and possess the leadership qualities necessary to direct the work of others, often under difficult circumstances. Self-reliance, self-discipline, initiative and the ability to work as part of a team are also part of the training as well as the commercial awareness and management skills demanded in todays competitive shipping industry. 1.3 The Roles of Navigation (Deck), Marine Engineering, and Electro Technical Officers Navigation (Deck) Officers Navigation Officers maintain watches on the bridge at sea and about the ship in port. They are responsible for passage planning, the safe navigation of the ship, cargo loading and discharge, ship stability, communications, and the maintenance of the hull and deck equipment. The ships Captain or Master is in overall command with ultimate responsibility for the safety of the crew, ship, cargo, and environment. Only navigation Officers can be promoted to the rank of Master. Marine Engineering Officers Marine Engineering Officers are responsible for the maintenance and operation of the ships main propulsion machinery and auxiliary plant, including deck machinery, air conditioning plants, refrigeration plants, and domestic and electrical services. Depending on the type of ship and operational circumstances, Engineer Officers will be required to keep watches in the ships Engine Room. The Chief Engineer Officer is in charge of the department and is responsible to the ships Master for its efficient operation. Whilst the law demands that only one person can be in overall command of the ship and by tradition that person is the Master, the Chief Engineer Officers status and salary is very similar to that enjoyed by the Master. Electro-Technical Officers (ETOs) These specialist officers work within the Engineering Department where they take particular responsibility for the maintenance of on board control engineering and electronic systems including propulsion control, radio communications and electronic navigation aids. OFFICER CADET PROGRAMMES TO BE OFFERED BY THE MARITIME ACADEMY The Maritime Academy shall offer 3 or 31/2 year Officer Cadet training programmes according to National and International (STCW) requirements, which will lead to professional certification by the Academy and either a degree qualification or a Higher National Diploma (HND). Officer Cadets following the Degree route will initially achieve professional certification by the Academy and a foundation Degree in either Marine Operations (Deck cadets) or Marine Engineering (Engine ETO Cadets). Successful candidates will then have the opportunity to top-up their academic qualification to an Honours Degree, achieving either a BSc (Hons) in Marine Operations Management (Deck Cadets) or a BEng(Hons) in Marine Engineering and Management. Officer Cadets following the HND route will initially achieve professional certification by the Academy and an HND in either Nautical Science (Deck Cadets) or Marine Engineering (Engine and ETO Cadets). After gaining initial Academy certification, junior officers prepare for the higher certificates of competency, leading finally to a Master Mariners or Chief Engineers Certificate of Competency, by a combination of sea service and Academy based training. Promotion to senior officer rank depends rather on merit than simply the possession of a senior certificate. The Academy may arrange, through various international shipping companies, for the Officer Cadets to obtain the required sea experience. OFFICER CADETS TRAINING PROGRAMMES PROGRAMME ENTRY REQUIREMENTS Deck Cadets Foundation Degree in Marine Operations, with top-up to BSc(Hons) in marine Operations Management A minimum of 120 UCAS tariff points, preferably including a numerate subject, PlusGSCE grade C or above in the following subjects: Mathematics (preferably Higher Tier) English Science (with Physical Science content) HND in Nautical Science Students will be required to complete an HE Entry course at the Academy prior to commencing the HND. Entry requirements for the induction course are as indicated. Successful completion of a full HND may facilitate later top-up to BSc(Hons) in Marine Operations Management. 4 GCSs Grade C or above including: Mathematics Science (with Physical Science content) English or a subject using English (i.e. Geography, History) Engine/ETO Cadets Foundation Degree in Marine Engineering, with top-up to BEng(Hons) in Marine Engineering and Management A minimum of 120 UCAS tariff points, including a numerate subject, PlusGSCE grade C or above in the following subjects: Mathematics (preferably Higher Tier) English Science (with Physical Science content) HND in Marine Engineering Students will be required to complete an HE Entry course at the Academy prior to commencing the HND. Entry requirements for the induction course are as indicated. Successful completion of a full HND may facilitate later top-up to BEng(Hons) in Marine Engineering and Management. 4 GCSs Grade C or above including: Mathematics Science (with Physical Science content) English or a subject using English (i.e. Geography, History) UCAS TARIFF FOR ACCESS TO DEGREE COURSES UCAS Points GCE A Level GCE AS Level GCC Nationals (Award) Key Skills 120 Grade A Distinction 100 Grade B 80 Grade C Merit 72 60 Grade D Grade A 50 Grade B 48 42 40 Grade E Grade C Pass 30 Grade D Level 4 20 Grade E Level 3 10 Level 2 The 120 UCAS points required for Academys maritime Foundation Degrees can be made up of any combination of qualifications. No UCAS credit is given for GCSEs but Foundation Degree students will be required to hold GCSE Mathematics (minimum Grade C, preferably higher tier syllabus), English and a GCSE science with a significant content of Physical Science. MEDICAL REQUIREMENTS Officer Cadets must have good health and be capable of passing the Merchant Navy Medical Examination tests. Navigating Officer Cadets must also have normal colour vision and be able to pass the Academys Sight Test, although corrective lenses may be acceptable in some cases. COURSE STRUCTURES Each Officer Cadet programme consists of a number of training phases, alternating between phases at the Academy and phases at sea aboard a shipping companys vessels. At the Academy, Officer Cadets will develop the academic underpinning knowledge (UPK) required for professional certification, and also undertake specific safety courses required by International Convention (STCW 95). While aboard ship, Officer Cadets will gain practical shipboard experience and develop their operational competency as watchkeeping Officers. In addition to their academic studies, Officer Cadets must undertake a number of safety and survival courses during their cadetship. These include the following: Personal Survival Techniques (PST) Personal Social and Safety Responsibilities (PSSR) Basic Fire Fighting (BFF) Elementary First Aid (EFA) Medical First Aid aboard ship (MFA) Certificate of Proficiency in Survival Craft and Rescue Boats (CPSC RB) Advanced Fire Fighting In addition Deck cadets must complete the following courses: Efficient Deck Hand (EDH) Global Maritime Distress and Safety System General Operators Certificate (GMDSS) Navigation, Radar and ARPA Simulation Training: Operational Level (NARAS O) NAVIGATING (DECK) OFFICERS 5.1 DEGREE PROGRAMME ACADEMY PHASE DURATION CONTENT Induction Phase 1 3 Weeks 15 Weeks Freshers Week / General induction to shipping industry. Assessment for entry to Degree programme. Intro to EDH / STCW short courses PST, BFF, EFA, PSSR. Foundation degree (FdSc) units: Maritime Analytical Methods Navigation Ship Operations Phase 2 (At Sea) 35 Weeks Work Based Learning (Operations Level) MNTB Deck Training Record Book Phase 3 30 Weeks Foundation Degree (FdSc) units: Meteorology Cargo operations Voyage Planning Shipboard Management Marine Operations Command Management NARAS(O) preparation / assessment Phase 4 (At Sea) 47 Weeks Work Based Learning (Management Level) MNTB Deck Training Book Phase 5 Part 1 5 Weeks Consolidation of Work Based Learning and any outstanding academic assessments prior to award of: Foundation Degree (FdSc) in Marine Operations Phase 5 Part 2 10 Weeks STCW short courses: AFF, EDH, MFA, GMDSS, NARAS(O), PSC RB MCA Orals Preparation Successful completion of MCA Oral examination leads to award of the initial MCA Certificate of Competency and end the Cadetship. Phase 6 (Optional) Top up to BSc (Hons) Degree 11 Weeks Bachelor of Science (BSc) Honours degree units: Project Maritime Technology Optional Units (2 of 4) Safety Management Financial Management Mercantile Law Curriculum Plus Phase 7 (At sea / on leave) (Optional) Blended Learning with Tutorial Support 10 Months Complete self-study elements of Maritime Technology and two Optional Units undertaken. Complete Project Up to 18 months to complete. Successful completion of all units leads to award of: BSc (Hons) Degree in Marine Operations Management 5.2 HND PROGRAMME ACADEMY PHASE DURATION CONTENT Phase 1 16 Weeks Freshers Week / General induction to shipping industry. HE Entry Course, including Academic Study Skills, Mathematics Foundation and introductions to Navigation, General Ship Knowledge and Ship and Port Operations. Successful completion of HE Entry Course leads to award of: National Certificate of Further Education (NcFE) Intro to EDH and PSC and RB / STCW short courses PST, BFF, EFA, PSSR Phase 2 (At Sea) 36 Weeks MNTB Training Record Book Guided Studies (HND Level 1 preparation) Phase 3 28 Weeks HND Level 1 units (STCW II/1 UPK): Navigation Passage Planning Watchkeeping and Communications Ship Construction, Cargo ad Stability Law and Management For SQA examinations NARAS(O) preparation / assessment Phase 4 (At Sea) 48 Weeks MNTB Training Record Book Guided Studies (HND Level 2 and MCA Orals preparation) Phase 5 17 Weeks For completion of OOW CoC + 26 Weeks For completion of HND Part 2 (Academic exemptions to Chief Mate Master Level) STCW short courses: AFF, EDH, MFA, GMDSS, NARAS(O), PSC RB Preparation for SQA/MCA written and oral examinations Successful completion of HND level 1 units, SQA/MCA written and oral examinations and STCW short courses leads to the award of the initial MCA Certificate of Competency and end of cadetship. HND Level 2 units (STCW II/2 UPK) Command Passage Planning Advanced Ship Stability and Construction Cargo and Port Operations Law and Management for Mates and Masters Bridge and Engineering Systems Successful completion of all HND academic assessments at the required pass rates provides full academic exemptions to Chief Mate/Master level and leads to the award of Higher National Diploma (HND) Candidates who successfully achieve a full HND should later be eligible to top-up the academic award to: BSc (Hons) Degree in Marine Operations Management Phase 5 Part 2 10 Weeks STCW short courses: AFF, EDH, MFA, GMDSS, NARAS(O), PSC RB MCA Orals Preparation Successful completion of MCA Oral examination leads to award of the initial MCA Certificate of Competency and end the Cadetship. Phase 6 (Optional) Top up to BSc (Hons) Degree 11 Weeks Bachelor of Science (BSc) Honours degree units: Project Maritime Technology Optional Units (2 of 4) Safety Management Financial Management Mercantile Law Curriculum Plus Phase 7 (At sea / on leave) (Optional) Blended Learning with Tutorial Support 10 Months Complete self-study elements of Maritime Technology and two Optional Units undertaken. Complete Project Up to 18 months to complete. Successful completion of all units leads to award of: BSc (Hons) Degree in Marine Operations Management MARINE ENGINEERING OFFICERS 6.1 DEGREE PROGRAMME ACADEMY PHASE DURATION CONTENT Induction Phase 1 3 Weeks 24 Weeks Freshers Week / General induction to shipping industry. Assessment for entry to Degree programme. STCW short courses PST, BFF, EFA, PSSR. Marine Engineering Principles Workshop Skills Training Foundation Degree (FdEng) units: Mathematics Mechanics / Thermodynamics Marine Legislation and Management Principles Work Based Learning Phase 2 (At Sea) 25 Weeks Work Based Learning (Operations Level) MNTB Engineer Training Record Book Phase 3 30 Weeks Foundation Degree (FdEng) units: Marine Electrics / Marine Auxiliary System Principles Marine Propulsion System Principles Ship Construction / Ship Stability Further mathematics Further Mechanics / Further Thermodynamics Engineering Design and Project Part 1 Work based Learning Workshop Skills Training Phase 4 (At Sea) 23 Weeks Work Based Learning (Management Level) MNTB Engineer Training Record Book Phase 5 Part 1 14 Weeks Consolidation of Work Based Learning Foundation Degree (FdEng) units: Advanced Marine Electrics Engineering Design and Project Part 2 Instrumentation and Control Principles Engineering management Successful completion of academic assessments leads to the award of: Foundation Degree (FdEng) in Marine Engineering Phase 5 Part 2 9 Weeks STCW short courses: MFA, AFF, PSC RB Workshop Skills Training MCA Orals Preparation Successful completion of MCA Oral examination leads to award of the initial MCA Certificate of Competency and end the Cadetship. Phase 6 Top up to BEng (Hons) Degree 15 Weeks Bachelor of Engineering (BEng) Honours degree units: Engineering Project Project Management Professional Engineering Management Optional Subjects (2 of 4): Control Systems, Naval Architecture, materials and Manufacturing, Curriculum Plus Phase 7 (At sea / on leave) Blended Learning with Tutorial Support 10 Months Complete self-study elements of Project management and Professional Engineering Management. Complete Project up to 18 months to complete. Successful completion of all units leads to award of: BEng (Hons) Degree in Marine Engineering and Management 6.2 HND PROGRAMME ACADEMY PHASE DURATION CONTENT Phase 1 30 Weeks Freshers Week / General induction to shipping industry. HE Entry Course. Study skills, Mathematics, IT skills, UPK for 1stsea phase plus intro to: Electrics, Ship Construction and Stability, Marine Engineering Principles, Marine Legislation, Applied Heat/Mechanics. Successful completion of HE Entry Course leads to award of: National Certificate of Further Education (NcFE) MNTB Workshop Skills and Technology STCW short courses PST, BFF, EFA, PSSR Phase 2 (At Sea) 22 Weeks MNTB Engineer Training Record Book Consolidation of UPK (underpinning knowledge) Phase 3 37 Weeks HND Level 1 units: Mathematics Mechanics Marine Propulsion Systems Marine Auxiliary Systems Thermodynamics Marine Electrics Marine Legislation and Management Preparation for Project MNTB Workshop Skills Phase 4 (At Sea) 28 Weeks MNTB Engineer Training Record Book Consolidation of UPK/IAMI EK and MCA Orals preparation Phase 5 9 Weeks For completion of OOW CoC + 26 Weeks for completion of HND Part 2 (Academic exemptions to CEO Level) STCW short courses MFA, PSC RB, AFF Completion of MNTB Workshop Skills Preparatory courses for IAMI EK MCA Orals examinations Successful completion of IAMI EK/MCA Oral examinations leads to the award of the initial MCA Certificate of Competency HND Level 2 units Further Mathematics Further Mechanics Further Thermodynamics Ship Stability and Construction Advanced Marine Electrics Instrumentation and Control Systems Engineering Management Engineering Design and Project Successful completion of all HND academic assessments at the required pass rates provides full academic exemptions to Chief Engineer level and leads to the award of Higher National Diploma (HND) Candidates who successfully achieve a full HND should later be eligible to top-up the academic award to: BEng (Hons) Degree in Marine Engineering and Management MARINE ENGINEERING OFFICERS 7.1 DEGREE PROGRAMME ACADEMY PHASE DURATION CONTENT Induction Phase 1 3 Weeks 24 Weeks Freshers Week / General induction to shipping industry. Assessment for entry to Degree programme. STCW short courses PST, BFF, EFA, PSSR. Marine Engineering Principles Workshop Skills Training/Introduction to Electronics Foundation Degree (FdEng) units: Mathematics Mechanics / Thermodynamics Marine Legislation and Management Principles Work Based Learning Phase 2 (At Sea) 25 Weeks Work Based Learning (Operations Level) MNTB Engineer Training Record Book / Electronics (Guided Studies) Phase 3 30 Weeks Foundation Degree (FdEng) units: Marine Electrics / Marine Auxiliary System Principles Marine Propulsion System Principles Ship Construction / Ship Stability Further Mathematics Further Mechanics / Further Thermodynamics Engineering Design and Project Part 1 Work based Learning Electronic Principles and Systems / Workshop Skills Training Phase 4 (At Sea) 23 Weeks Work Based Learning (Management Level) MNTB Engineer Training Record Book (plus ETO specific tasks) Phase 5 Part 1 14 Weeks Consolidation of Work Based Learning Foundation Degree (FdEng) units: Advanced Marine Electrics Instrumentation and Control Principles Engineering Management / Engineering Design and Project Part 2 Instrumentation and Control Principles Engineering management Successful completion of academic assessments leads to the award of: Foundation Degree (FdEng) in Marine Engineering Phase 5 Part 2 9 Weeks STCW short courses: MFA, AFF, PSC RB Workshop Skills Training MCA Orals Preparation Successful completion of MCA Oral examination leads to award of: MCA Certificate of Competency and end the Cadetship. Phase 6 Part 1 Top up to BEng (Hons) Degree 15 Weeks Bachelor of Engineering (BEng) Honours degree units: Engineering Project Project Management Professional Engineering Management Optional Subjects (2 of 4): Control Systems, Naval Architecture, Materials and Manufacturing, Curriculum Plus Phase 6 Part 2 ENEM GMDSS 10 Weeks Additional units: Electronic Navigation Systems Navigation Systems Fault Diagnosis Radio Communication Engineering GMDSS Radio Maintenance ENEM Certificates Phase 7 (At sea/on leave) Blended learning Tutorial Support 10 Months Complete self-study elements of Project management and Professional Engineering Management. Complete Project up to 18 months to complete. Successful completion of all units leads to the award of: BEng (Hons) Degree in Marine Engineering and Management 6.2 HND PROGRAMME ACADEMY PHASE DURATION CONTENT Phase 1 30 Weeks Freshers Week / General induction to shipping industry. HE Entry Course. Study skills, Mathematics, IT skills, UPK for 1stsea phase plus intro to: Electrics, Ship Construction and Stability, Marine Engineering Principles, Marine Legislation, Applied Heat/Mechanics. Successful completion of HE Entry Course leads to award of: National Certificate of Further Education (NcFE) MNTB Workshop Skills and Technology / Introduction to Electronics STCW short courses PST, BFF, EFA, PSSR Phase 2 (At Sea) 22 Weeks MNTB Engineer Training Record Book / Electronics (Guided Studies) Consolidation of UPK (underpinning knowledge) Phase 3 37 Weeks HND Level 1 units: Mathematics Mechanics Marine Propulsion Systems Marine Auxiliary Systems Thermodynamics Marine Electrics Marine Legislation and Management Preparation for Project Electronic Principles and Systems MNTB Workshop Skills Phase 4 (At Sea) 28 Weeks MNTB Engineer Training Record Book (plus ETO specific tasks) Consolidation of UPK/IAMI EK and MCA Orals preparation Phase 5 9 Weeks For completion of EOOW CoC + 26 Weeks for completion of HND Part 2 (Academic exemptions to CEO Level) STCW short courses MFA, PSC RB, AFF Completion of MNTB Workshop Skills Preparatory courses for IAMI EK MCA Orals examinations Successful completion of IAMI EK/MCA Oral examinations leads to the award of the initial MCA Certificate of Competency HND Level 2 units Further Mathematics Further Mechanics Further Thermodynamics Ship Stability and Construction Advanced Marine Electrics Instrumentation and Control Systems Engineering Management Engineering Design and Project Successful completion of all HND academic assessments at the required pass rates provides full academic exemptions up to Chief Engineer level and leads to the award of Higher National Diploma (HND) Candidates who successfully achieve a full HND should later be eligible to top-up the academic award to: BEng (Hons) Degree in Marine Engineering and Management Phase 6 10 Weeks Additional units: Electronic navigational Systems Navigation Systems Full Diagnosis Radio Communication Engineering GMDSS Radio Maintenance ENEM Certificates AFTER THE OFFICER CADETSHIP NAVIGATION OFFICERS NEWLY QUALIFIED Navigation (Deck) Officers will usually join a shipping companys fleet as 3rd Officer, undertaking bridge watchkeeping duties at sea and operational duties in port, with responsibility for the safety of the crew, ship, cargo and environment. As their skills and experience develop, young officers progress to higher certificates of competency, leading eventually to certification as ships Captain (Master) and possibly to the command of their own vessel. Numerous opportunities also exist for qualified navigation Officers ashore. Shipping companies often recruit shore based superintendents and fleet operations staff from their seagoing officers. Harbour Authorities recruit experienced officers to train as Pilots, Harbour Masters and Port Operations managers, while Classification Societies and Marine Insurance Companies require the fficers skill and experience to fill such roles as hull and cargo surveyors. The MCA also require surveyors and examiners while Marine Colleges recruit lecturers and assessors. MARINE ENGINEERING OFFICERS Newly qualified Marine Engineering Officers will usually join a shipping companys fleet as 4th Engineer Officer, undertaking engine room watchkeeping duties and having responsibility for the safe and efficient operation of the ships main propulsion unit and other vitl services. As their skills and experience develop, young officers progress to the higher certificates of competency, leading eventually to the Chief Engineer Officers Certificate and possibly to the position of Chief Engineer Officer. Marine Engineering Officers acquire a range of transferable skills through professional development and experience, which have many applications in jobs ashore both related and unrelated to the marine industries. Shipping companies often recruit their shore based engineering superintendents from seagoing staff, and Classification societies and marine insurance companies recruit their surveyors from the same source. The MCA also require surveyors and examiners while maritime colleges recruit lecturers and assessors. ELECTRO TECHNICAL OFFICERS After completing the cadetship, ETOs have the choice of following a similar career path to that of Marine Engineering Officer (as above) or remaining within the ETO specialisation. Job opportunities and career progression within the ETO specialisation will depend on the shipping company concerned.

A Couple Of Yahoos :: essays research papers

David Filo was born in Wisconsin 1966 to Jerry, an architect, and Carol, an accountant, but he was raised in Moss Bluff, Louisiana. There they live in what is called an alternative community. They live semi-communally with six other families, sharing gardening duties and a kitchen. Filo attended Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana, receiving a bachelor’s degree in computer engineering. He continued his education at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jerry Yang was born Chih-Yuan Yang in Taiwan in 1968, and was raised by his mother, Lily, an English and drama teacher, after his father died when he was only two. He immigrated to the United States when he was ten years old with his mother, grandmother, and younger brother, Ken, settling in the Berryessa suburb of San Jose. Yang spoke Mandarin Chinese and hardly any English, but soon learned it and became a strait-A student. He was admitted to Stanford University, where he obtained his bachelor’s and master’s degree in electrical engineering in 1990. It was there that he met David Filo.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Filo and Yang were doctoral students in computer engineering. As one of their assignments they were working on the computer-aided design of computer chip circuitry. For this project they were set up in an â€Å"office† which was really a trailer that was filled with computers and equipment. â€Å" I was terribly bored,† Filo stated, â€Å"And with our faculty advisor out of town we started to fool around on the World Wide Web.† They soon became very frustrated with the World Wide Web. It seriously lacked any type of organization. The only was to access a page was to know the URL, or the address to the website. At the time there were books being published with lists of different sites and their addresses, however, this proved to not be very useful as website addresses change quite frequently, so that the books were outdated before they even hit the press. Filo and Yang came up with the idea to provide a kind of roadmap for online users. They designed some software that organized web pages into topics and that could be used immediately to â€Å"link†, or go to those pages. In early 1994, â€Å"Jerry’s Guide to the World Wide Web† was born, and the name was later revised to â€Å"Jerry and David’s Guide to the World Wide Web.† The two provided the service free to all Stanford users.

Woodrow Wilson vs the Senate Essay example -- essays papers

woodrow wilson vs the senate â€Å"The Only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing† They say time is a great teacher. How true. History has taught us that peace must be kept at all costs. At the end of World War 1, the common goal between the victorious nations throughout the world was to declare peace. The leading statesmen of these triumphant nations met in Paris to draw up the Treaty of Versailles, which would decide the fate of the central powers. Woodrow Wilson, the American President, created fourteen points as the basis for peace negotiations. Among these fourteen points was the most controversial and yet the most important to President Wilson, the League of Nations. President Wilson developed its charter and soon died from exhaustion after his own country, the United States, refused to ratify it in the senate. American policy had temporarily shifted from isolationism to internationalism because of the war, however the United States senate was not ready for the responsibilities of a world peacekeeper. Due to a republican majority, senators Henry Cabot Lodge, Alfred Beveridge, and other isolationist senators helped to sway the rest of congress to deny the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles. These senators believed that by entangling themselves in an international organization they would create new alliances, which would commit them to go to war. Also, Lodge felt that the League of Nations would be able to control the United States military by limiting the number of armaments that a nation could have. Due to Article 10 and the limitations on armaments, which the senators objected, and the inability to compromise on the deadlock between the Pr esident’s beliefs and the Senators, led to the failure to ratify the Treaty of Versailles. These factors lead the senate to their decision, which left the world vulnerable for another war and the eventual demise of the League of Nations. The Fourteen Points were one of Wilson’s major accomplishments while he held office. Wilson introduced this theory on what he believed were successful measures in not only preventing Germany from beginning a war again, but to prevent all wars. After all World War One was the war to end all wars. These Fourteen Points included proposals such as freedom of the seas, general disarmament, the removal of international trade barriers, impartia... ...n and his political rival were stubborn and stayed in a deadlock. Therefore, the treaty failed to be ratified. Wilson died on February 3, 1924 and along with him died the United States involvement in the League of Nations and the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles. Out of the Fourteen Points came Wilson’s most important achievement at Versailles, the creation of an international peacekeeping organization, the League of Nations. Woodrow Wilson did all that he could to gain the support of his people for the acceptance of the League of Nations in the Treaty of Versailles. He believed that the idea of collective security was the key to keeping world peace. Yet, Wilson was ahead of his time. America was not ready to switch from an isolationist state to an international peacekeeper. The American senate wanted to make changes to the treaty in order to secure their international stand on domestic issues. But Wilson was unwilling to compromise on securing peace for mankind, so Wilson gained nothing. The ratification of the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations would fail, however the idea still burned on, and the United Nations would be formed after the Second World War.

Christianitys Influence on the Vikings Essay examples -- Vikings Chri

Christianity's Influence on the Vikings When I think of the words that describes Vikings I think of barbaric, having no mercy, and great explores. Words that describe a Christian to me are trustworthy, considerate, helpful, and peaceful. The descriptions of words I described for Vikings and Christians have basically opposite meanings. As the Vikings gradually became Christians they started to dramatically change their culture. So as Christianity was implemented on the Vikings they became more civilized. The Vikings gradually picked up Christianity influences throughout their existence but my question is did it play a key role in the down fall of the Vikings? The Viking era existed from 800 AD to 1200 AD and during 1000 AD Christianity began to have major influence in the Viking culture (Roesdahl 27). A major religion that shaped the Viking culture is Nordic Paganism (Williams). According to Stephen Henkin who wrote an article called the Viking Fury, the Vikings admired and tried to live up to the character traits they saw their gods portraying(Henkin ). Stephen Henkin suggested that character traits the Vikings saw in the Nordic gods are virile qualities: brutality, anger, lust, and humor (Henkin). The Vikings attempted to try to shape their character from the character traits they saw their gods portraying believing that they should try to acquire these characteristics to make their gods happy. Nordic Paganism was polytheistic with the main gods being Odin, Thor and Frey (â€Å"The Pagan Library†). Odin was the god of wisdom, magic and runes (â€Å"The Pagan Library†). The runes were the alphabet of the Vikings. Rune stones is the only documented writing from the Vikings during their existence, so a lot of the history during the ... ...the Vikings, I came to the conclusion that it was a key. The change in character traits of a person completely alters a person as it did with the Vikings. So the influence of Christianity character helped alter the Vikings to disappear. Works Cited Brent, Peter. The Viking Saga. New York:. G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1975. Gerset, Knut. History of the Norwegien People. New York: Au Press, 1969. Henkin, Stephen. â€Å"Viking Fury.† The World Li. Jan 2000. Proquest, Penn State Library. 31 March 2004. Roesdall, Else and David M. Wilson, ed. From Viking to Crusader. New York: Rizzoli, 1992. Skarsten, Trygve R. â€Å"Nordic Religions in the Viking Age.† Church History. Sep. 2000. Proquest, Penn State Library, 31 March 2004 Williams, Garth. â€Å"Pagan belief.† BBCi. 6 April 2004. 6 April 2004 < http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/religion_02.shtml>.

Lives of the Saints Essay

Summary: Chapter 1 In the opening of the chapter, the main character Vittorio describes the story that the book is written about. It has a beginning that occurred on a hot July day in the year 1960 in Vittorio’s home town of Valle de Sole, when his mother, Christina got bit by a snake. Vittorio describes his city as to have no holy places, ancient cites or ruins; forgotten and unsung, just like hundreds of villages spread throughout Italy. Vittorio describes how his father immigrated to America almost four years ago when Vittorio was barely three years old. His grandfather was left crippled from the war when a horse crushed his foot and he was injured by a grenade. That day, his mother slipped out of the house making him promise that he would read his school books. Vittorio’s attendance at school was not very regular because he would spend much of class time wondering to the top of Colle di Papa or down the river with his friend Fabrizio and sharing cigarettes that Fabrizio had stole from his father. Vittorio was sitting on his porch reading math books when he dose off. He was awakened by a muffled shout coming from the stable. Vittorio ran to the stable and stopped short at the bottom of the steps and peeked through the crack in the door. Inside he saw a green snake which slipped through the cracks of the stable and into the tomato garden. While Vittorio was watching the snake, the barn door opened, and a man with blue eyes swooped out of the stable. After Vittorio went inside the stable, he saw his mother pouring water into the pigs’ trough as though nothing has happened. Vittorio tells his mother that he heard a man screm and when she asked him what he saw, Vittorio replied that he didnt see anything. He then told her that she has blood on her ankle. In the conclusion of the chapter, Christina tells Vittorio to run up to Di Lucci’s and tell him to bring a car because she had been bitten by a snake.

Case Study: Ocean Carriers Essay

Executive summary Ocean Carriers is contemplating the opportunity of stipulating a 3-year leasing contract that would require commissioning the construction of a new vessel. In the short term applied hire rates are decreasing, just as they should be on the recovery side starting 2003. While signing a new client and therefore expanding the business, the aforementioned investment should be undertaken in Hong Kong. Furthermore, a 15year project is preferable, thus scrapping the vessel at an estimated price of $5M in order to reinvest that amount and avoid facing heavier upcoming costs. Although the longer lasting project (25 years) guarantees a higher net present value and forecasted rates seem to be increasing, less agility on future market occasions, increasing hire rates volatility and risks to bear for the corporation must be considered. Moreover, the alleged strong correlation between number of shipments and hire rates is being questioned. Summary of facts Provided that Ocean carrier’s fleet doesn’t present a ship which meets the new customer’s requirements and that a fairly long time is needed to build a new one, the management has to decide in 2001 whether to commission a vessel for a 3-year time charter beginning in 2003 at an initial daily hire rate of $20,000 growing at a pace of $200  per year of contract. Statement of the problem Many factors are to be considered such as the daily hire rate and operating cost trends, the supply and demand of iron ore and steel which form the 85% of capesize dry bulk carriers’ shipments. The headquarter location, on which the tax regime depends, is too a  critical decision: while in Hong Kong the operations would be exempt from tax, they would account for 35% on profit in New York. Analysis For a better comprehension of the problem, we first focused on some possible outcomes depending on supply and demand tendency. In the short term, an excess of supply (63 new vessels) and no major forces influencing the demand will cause the hire rates to drop. Also, if the consulting group is to be fully trusted, a sharp decrease in iron ore vessel shipments will drive down prices as well. Looking at a longer horizon, supply and demand drivers are mainly, for the latter, the world economy as a whole and trade patterns i.e. the longer distance the more demand, and for the former the efficiency and size of vessels (negative correlation), the demand for shipping capacity and the age of the ships. These factors reveal positive long-term effects. Due to Australian ad Indian demand rocketing, exports will expand along with higher trading volume. Moreover, Ocean carriers presents an advantage with regards to their ships: they are bigger and newer thus deserving a plus 15% factor over standard prices. Nevertheless, adverse aspects should be taken into account as well, such as the inefficiency in building a new vessel (2 years) which could lead to a growing demand for net working capital in order to strengthen the company’s financial position and make it able to face sudden cash outflows. In addition, given their better growth pattern, Ocean Carriers should favour the spot and not the time daily hire rates instead of locking themselves up in long term, less flexible contracts. Our view for the long run is definitely positive though not outstanding, with future growth resembling the inflation level. Considering the mentioned facts as well as all the assumptions, the choice that has to be made will be primarily influenced by the daily hire rates. These factors are the most  volatile and difficult to predict and influence income, profit and finally cash-flows. Ms  Linn’s decision should evaluate different and unpleasant outcomes before taking a decision based only on cash-flows’ NPV.   Firstly, when comparing Hong Kong’s and new York’s NPV, the no tax zone is clearly the better choice (see table 3 and 4 for calculations), with the 35% straight-line american taxation killing most of the profits from the investment’s first years. Even if we consider an accelerated depreciation system (MACRS) and compare equivalent profits, annuity figures are still worse for taxed areas (graph 3). From this calculation we begin to see how actual cash-flow equivalent annuities are not markedly different between the 15 and 25-year no-tax projects. If accurately analysed, inter-period NPVs show an unexpected picture (table and graph 1). If the reinvestment of the scrap value could guarantee a real rate of return similar to the discount used (discount rate=9%,inflation rate=3%,real discount=5,83%), the two NPVs move closer. This partially explains why, of the two, the shorter investment is the best : a substantial chunk of the 25-year project’s NPV (74%) is created in the latter period of the investment (2017-2027) when prices are hardly predictable, more volatile and easily influenced by present expectations. $610.159,93 supplementary cash income are not worth 10 more years of holding period: operating and survey costs become too heavy to sustain the additional period of investment. We carried on our analysis by looking at the hire rates and their expected value. The strong correlation between charter rates and shipments reported by the consulting firm is now being took into consideration (table and graph 2). The outsourced analysis states that when shipment numbers rise so should the same charter rates. Unfortunately this is wrong under a statistical point of view: whilst shipments and 3-year hire rates seem actually slightly related, the number of shipments and the spot rates go surprisingly in  the opposite direction (Pearson correlation index=(0.3783)). Hence, long term NPV needs to be managed carefully being based on assumptions not  entirely true. Recommendations The 15-year, no-tax investment is the right choice.  The NPV of this project turns out to be positive, leading us to recommend the signature of the contract. Turning down this operation would mean wasting future earnings. Furthermore, the 25-year project is unsafe : it could dry out the company’s cash and equivalents and prevent the reinvestment of the scrap value ($5M) in more profitable projects. The extra return doesn’t justify a 10 year longer investment based on many unreliable assumptions, not supported by statistical data and which does not grant the flexibility that a shorter one would.